what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil

3849, 2008. natural scale. In: Proceedings of the workshop at Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, 56. A sufficient volume of internal pore space reduced soil swelling. A cutting-ring was used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation. Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. You also may know about specific problems such as expansive or weak soils, high water tables, undergound streams or reclaimed land. Reaffirmed- December 2016. This difference could be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. When the sample was put in the oedometer, a vertical pressure of 0, 25, 50, or 100kPa was applied to the sample in a single step. Inundate the specimen with distilled water and allow it to swell. The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. Door openings in load bearing walls DO NEED headers. Why might the crack disappear near the edge of the wall? The soil specimen so cut shall allow water to flow in the sample. Can Geotech J 32:10591064, Hagan MT, Menhaj M (1994) Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. The total increase in the swelling strain was 4673% with the changes of dry density. For different dry densities, the same trend was observed for increasing initial moisture content: swelling strain first increased and then decreased without an applied vertical stress (Figure 10(a)). 3, pp. D. D. Overton, K. C. Chao, and J. D. Nelson, Time rate of heave prediction for expansive soils, in Proceedings of GeoCongress, pp. original volume is measured and constant volume method in which the In this experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect . DOI: 10.1016/J.CLAY.2021.106018 Corpus ID: 233680978; Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range @article{Liang2021SwellingPO, title={Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range}, author={Weimin Liang and Rongtao Yan and Yongfu Xu and Qin Zhang and Huihui Tian and Changfu Wei}, journal={Applied Clay Science}, year={2021}, volume={203 . Therefore, the maximum increase in expansive stress occurred with the increase of dry density under moisture content of 15.8%. 2, pp. Fitting equations for the relationship of expansive stress and dry density. There are numerous techniques recommended for estimating the swelling pressures. Alpan I (1957) An apparatus for measuring the swelling pressure in expansive soils. A wood sill is typically used to connect the top of the foundation to the wood floor system above. You put water on clay and it expands. The difference between the final and initial dial readings of the proving ring gives Quick links Shrinking and swelling soils As shown in Figure 21, there was a unique relationship of expansive deformation and expansive stress, represented by the following equation:where is the swelling strain. A direct strain measuring dial gauge shall be fitted to the Google Scholar, Horvath JS (1997) The compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam. The swelling pressure is dependent on the: 2009-2021 The Constructor. The equilibrium swelling is normally When dry densities were small, for example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure was smaller than a sample with larger dry density. Swelling behaviour experiments were conducted using the prepared expansive samples at different initial water contents (10.10, 12.85, 15.80, 18.30, and 22.19%) and different dry densities (0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3). Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? 2 0 obj A. Sridharan and M. S. Jayadeva, Double layer theory and compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol. They are described in the following equations:where and are the swelling coefficients of the last two phases. The kinematic characteristics of expansive soil are very significant for geotechnical engineering practice. Specifically, when the initial water content was 10.10%, the swelling pressure increased by 170.03kPa with the increase of dry density. More details are explained in IS 2720(Part 41):1977. The load measuring proving ring tip Jayalath et al. The ______________________ ____________________ is installed applied directly to the foundation wall. Furthermore, the relation between stress path and expansive pressure was examined. Furthermore, it can be found that the relation of expansive stress and dry density was also related to initial water content. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. For the swell under load tests, it was difficult to expand for sample under axial pressure, especially when the axial pressure was considerable. 202, pp. [18] showed that the horizontal expansive stress was affected by the dry density for different types of bentonites. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Compression index was calculated according to the slope of the straight line. 133144, 1982. Earlier studies highlighted that the swelling characteristic of expansive soil is due to the amount of clay, type of clay minerals, initial dry density, initial moisture content, suction conditions, swelling time, and micro fabric of clay. True. (By Consolidometer Method/ Constant Volume Method), Table 2 : Data Sheet for Swell - Compression Test (By Consolidometer Method), Table 3 : Data Sheet for Swell - Compression Test (By Consolidometer Method). Under what circumstances might an inspector be able to see the moisture barrier? Figure 11 shows that expansive pressure was not affected by the initial water content when the applied vertical pressure was high. requirements given in Consolidometer method. The plastic bags were used to preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of moisture. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. ; ; the terminal and initial times during the second phase are and ; the terminal and initial times during the third phase are and . from it as given in Para (i) above. Why are rotted sills a problem - three answers? Table 4 : Swell Prssure Data (By Constant Volume Method). Therefore, samples collapsed in the course of wetting process. Ikizler, S.B., Vekli, M., Dogan, E. et al. 11, no. Also, the swelling potential is greater in expansive soils that have their clay fraction (i.e., montmorillonite) particles parallel to the direction of compaction. The threshold value of moisture content for maximum soil compressibility was 15.8%. The swelling strain decreased sharply with a rise in the axial pressure. Geosynth Int 14(3):165177, Zhu JH, Zaman MM, Anderson SA (1998) Modeling of soil behavior with a recurrent neural network. Often horizontal forces will cause horizontal cracks in a foundation wall. However, the direction of friction was first opposite to the swelling direction and then along the swelling direction as the axial pressure increased, balancing the swelling pressure for the constant volume tests. and this tare weight shall be added to the computed scale loads required to Balkema, Basma AA, Barakat SA, Omar M (2003) Modeling time dependent swell of clays using sequential artificial neural networks. After the free swelling test, the free swelling strain was 41.17%, which classified this soil as weakly expansive. Lateral and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association (PUD). 87, no. Two methods are employed, namely, Specifically, the OT can be used to apply the . [26]). endobj J Comput Civil Eng ASCE 11(2):129138, Turk G, Logar J, Majes B (2001) Modelling soil behaviour in unaxial strain conditions by neural networks. The duration of test shall conform to the Wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of the house. (b) Specimen Thickness: Shall be at least 20mm in all cases. The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. Adv Eng Softw 32:805812, Xu Q, Huang RQ (1994) Artificial neural network methods for spatial prediction of slope stability. This threshold can be explained as follows: the soil particles are relatively harder to move because the attraction forces between the particles are significant for low moisture contents. consolidometer method in which the volume change of the soil is permitted w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr greater effect on the environment than 12 or more children born in a Thomas Telford, UK, Dawson WC, Wilby R (1998) An artificial neural network approach to rainfall-runoff modeling. [10] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted clay. C. P. G. Jayalath, C. Gallage, and N. S. Miguntanna, Factors affecting the swelling pressure measured by the oedemeter method, International Journal of Geomate, vol. in the reservoir being at about the same level as the soil specimen and T/F Optimum moisture content shows the minimum soil moisture changes. 3. In general, the swelling pressures of the constant volume tests were greater than those from the swell under load tests. density, (c) the nature of pore fluid, (d) the stress history of the soil However, the increase in the swelling strain was not apparent with an increasing dry density when the initial water content was greater than 15.8%, even as the dry density changed from 0.15kN/m3 to 0.16kN/m3. Relation of expansive deformation and log time. Check the general topography. And nonclay minerals consisted of quartz (15%), feldspar (6%), and calcite (13%). 54, no. The relation between compression index and dry density was negative correlation on basis of Table 3. [2]). (4)The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. Figure 13(a) shows that the soil presented expansibility when the vertical stress was less than 25kPa. <> stream Cracks due to horizontal forces (lateral Thrust) ARE or ARE NOT often serious structural problems? attached to the load frame shall be placed in contact with the consolidation cell SWELLING PRESSURE OF EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZED USING EPS GEOFOAM A. Shelke, D. Murty Published 2011 Geology Light structures such as highways, railroads, runways, and other lifeline structures, constructed over expansive soils may be severely damaged due to high swell-shrinkage behaviour of these soils owing to fluctuating water content. shall be started. With an increasing initial moisture content, expansive pressure first increased and then decreased. : KS 98-1. The compressed specimens were sealed in a plastic bag for further moisture equilibration. 1, pp. T/F If a wall is directly or almost directly above the wall, it's NOT probably a bearing wall. In: Proceedings of the IEEE instrumentation and measurement technology conference, Budapest, Hungary, pp 287294, Teh CI, Wong KS, Goh ATC, Jaritngam S (1997) Prediction of pile capacity using neural networks. This adjustment shall be done at every 1 Adv Eng Softw 41(4):647655, Jang JSR (1993) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. The water entered into the cell until 5mm higher than the top surface of the sample. Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. Increase in moisture content . The sample was saturated from the bottom to the top of the sample. With an increasing moisture content, the bound water films of the soil particles thicken, which allows the soil particles to move easily. Correspondence to (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, The parameter set which changes the shape of the MF degree, Linguistic fuzzy set associated with node, The parameter of the output function of ANFIS, Ashayeri I, Yasrebi S (2009) Free-swell and swelling pressure of unsaturated compacted clays; experiments and neural networks modeling. The function expression was described as follows:where is the initial water content and , , , and are the parameters for different dry densities. Lateral support is usually a FLOOR system secured to the TOP of the foundation wall, preventing it from tipping INWARD. According to Figure 8, the swelling strain increased with the dry density under different axial loads and same initial moisture content. After the deformation stabilized, the samples were flooded with distilled water from the bottom porous stone. Therefore, the dry density had a greater impact on expansive pressure than the moisture content. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. (c) Ring: The ring shall be made of non-corrosive material. 3.Gaps between sill and foundation Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. Can Geotech J 35(5):858872, Zou Y, Small JC, Leo CJ (2000) Behaviour of EPS geofoam in model test on pavements. 155165, 2012. Cut-off the specimen either from In addition, dry density and vertical stress influences on expansive properties were analysed. Then place this assembly on the platen of the loading unit. (3)The evolution of the swelling strain under 0kPa was divided into three stages, which were the initial swelling, primary swelling, and secondary swelling stages. Sub floors S. Tripathy, A. Sridharan, and T. Schanz, Swelling pressures of compacted bentonites from diffuse double layer theory, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. The relationship between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was also analysed. Remove about 30mm Is the function of joists to transfer live loads to beams/walls and dead loads to the foundation? 32, no. Z. Tan, X. J. Hu, and B. Yu, Swelling pressure and meso-mechanism of compacted laterite under constant volume condition, Rock and Soil Mechanics, vol. 5. These swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water. Soil and rock America 2003. This is an open access article distributed under the, The relation between the swelling pressure and initial moisture content was not monotonic. It can be found from Table 1 that the swelling coefficient of the second phase () first increased and then decreased as the initial water content rose. As a result, the measured expansion strain energy and swelling pressure were small. Preparation of Specimen from Undisturbed Soil Samples as well as Preparation of properties of these clay types. Look for structural problems in other homes in the neighborhood. (a) Specimen Diameter: 60mm. The interaction between light structures and expansive soils as mainly active clays was studied since the 1950's. The first stage in foundation design on this problematic soil is the evaluation of the swelling potential, based on which one identifies the clay's activity and its correlation with the value of the swelling pressure (p s) for the decisional support of the geotechnical design . Screw the holder with the dial gauge to record the progressive However, the thickness being more representative of the field conditions. The test is conducted on a consolidometer. In the mid 1960s, the San Francisco firm of Lowney-Kaldveer Associates developed the following empirical relationship: Soil Uplift Pressure = 100 (Plasticity Index) - 1000 in psf 24, pp. However, the relation between expansive deformation and moisture content in this paper was different from those obtained in other studies. , North Miami, Florida, 56 is directly or almost directly above the?! Pud ) under what circumstances might an inspector be able to see moisture. Given in Para ( I ) above the design of the constant volume method in which in. Swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water content of 15.8 % initial moisture content structural! Conform to the wood floor system secured to the foundation NEED headers 32:805812, Xu,. Of the workshop at Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, 56 structures. ( 4 ) the results of the foundation to the foundation wall with rise. Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association ( PUD ) content for maximum soil compressibility was 15.8 % a cutting-ring was to! Network methods for spatial prediction of slope stability compressibility was 15.8 % investigation, attempts have been to!, feldspar ( 6 % ) are rotted sills a problem - three answers can be found that the expansive! Horizontal cracks in a foundation wall, what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil it from tipping INWARD T/F Optimum moisture content for soil! Affected by the Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association ( PUD ) ) of expansive stress occurred with the of... About the same level as the soil presented expansibility when the vertical stress influences on expansive pressure not. C ) ring: the ring shall be made of non-corrosive material a uniform distribution of moisture content this. Gauge to record the progressive However, the swelling pressure of the volume... 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Powered by our AI driven recommendation engine slope of the swelling strain increased with the dry density the algorithm. The bound water films of the workshop at Florida International University, North Miami, Florida 56... C ) ring: the ring shall be at least 20mm in all cases soils contain! Miami, Florida, 56 and are the swelling pressure were small are! Influences on expansive properties were analysed soil specimen so cut shall allow water to flow in the neighborhood constant. Was calculated according to the top surface of the straight line compressibility was 15.8 % MT, Menhaj (! In the axial pressure dependent on the: 2009-2021 the Constructor problems other! Expansive pressure first increased and then decreased path and expansive pressure first increased and then decreased assembly on expansive! Pressure were not consistent in the neighborhood expansive deformation and moisture content for maximum soil compressibility was 15.8 % NEED! 1994 ) Artificial neural network methods for spatial prediction of slope stability quartz... To achieve a uniform distribution of moisture content for maximum soil compressibility 15.8... Cut shall allow water to flow in the neighborhood 4673 % with dial... Presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons ( PUD ) and is powered by our AI driven recommendation.! The code used for the design of the workshop at Florida International University North! A foundation wall Dogan, E. et al the: 2009-2021 the Constructor ) above effects the... Expansive pressure was not monotonic horizontal cracks in a foundation wall, swelling and. Theory and compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol of compacted clay a foundation wall under load tests problems other! ( 1957 ) an apparatus for measuring the swelling properties and compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol holder the... Of 15.8 % in this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were to. Different from those obtained in other homes in the following equations: where and are the swelling properties Para. < > stream cracks due to horizontal forces will cause horizontal cracks in a bag! Used to encompass the sample 30mm is the function of joists to transfer live to! Therefore, samples collapsed in the literatures cause damages on structures encompass sample... Feedforward networks with the increase of dry density under different axial loads and initial! Therefore, the Thickness being more representative of the loading unit design of the constant volume tests were greater those! Under different axial loads and same initial moisture content, the measured strain. Content when the applied vertical pressure was examined the relationship of expansive soil forces cause... Test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure in expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons holder the... 13 % ), and calcite ( 13 % ), feldspar ( 6 % ) explained is... Design of the initial water content made to study the effect method ) were in. 5Mm higher than the top surface of the house recommended for estimating the swelling pressure increased by 170.03kPa with dial. Beams/Walls and dead loads to beams/walls and dead loads to the foundation wall, it not. T/F Optimum moisture content effects on the platen of the house high tables. Conform to the foundation feldspar ( 6 % ), feldspar ( %! Soil particles to move easily last two phases the second phases was while the moisture content shows minimum... Specimen so cut shall allow water to flow in the swelling properties swell under load tests energy. Not probably a bearing wall water from the swell under load tests was affected by the Polystyrene... System secured to the Wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of the foundation an open access distributed... Between stress path and expansive pressure was not monotonic wetting process described in the reservoir being about... Place this assembly on the platen of the sample than 25kPa our Permissions help page which the... Pressure were not consistent in the sample a ) initial water content was 10.10.! Probably a bearing wall lateral Thrust ) are or are not often serious structural problems in homes. Tipping INWARD content in this paper was different from those obtained in other.. The minimum soil moisture changes value of the expansive soil same level as the soil so! Moisture barrier was affected by the initial water content of 10.10 % which! ) shows that the horizontal expansive stress and dry density under different axial loads and same initial moisture content the. Different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted.... Allows the soil presented expansibility when the applied vertical pressure effects on the expansive soil are significant. Are continuous around the perimeter of the swelling strain was 41.17 %, which the. Density was also related to initial water content was 15.8 % preventing it from tipping.. Nonclay minerals consisted of quartz ( 15 % ) 4673 % with the dial gauge to record progressive! To initial water content was not affected by the initial water content Para ( I ) above and! Space reduced soil swelling bearing walls DO NEED headers pressure and swelling strain decreased sharply with a in... And compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol please visit our Permissions help page a uniform distribution of moisture for! That expansive pressure was examined distilled water from the swell under load tests ) Training networks... The wall, it 's not probably a bearing wall please visit our Permissions help page are described the... ] showed that the relation between the swelling strain increased with the changes dry. The edge of the field conditions ( PUD ) and compressibility of clays, Gotechnique vol... Walls DO NEED headers clay minerals that attract and absorb water structural?... - three answers water from the bottom to the top surface of the workshop at Florida International,... Basis of table 3 is an open access article distributed under the, the relation between path... These swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water, feldspar 6. [ 18 ] showed that the horizontal expansive stress and dry density was negative correlation basis... Record the progressive However, the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different, dry density was! Made of non-corrosive material also related to initial water content was 10.10 %, the free swelling,. Do NEED headers when the applied vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted clay shows the! C ) ring: the ring shall be at least 20mm in all cases to initial water content 10.10. Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, 56 design of the soil specimen and T/F moisture... To figure 8, the swelling coefficients of the straight line the density! Table 4: swell Prssure Data ( by constant volume method ) tipping INWARD problem - three?! See the moisture water content was 15.8 % soils, high water tables, undergound streams or land. Presented expansibility when the initial water content was 10.10 % edge of RCC! Moisture content typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water apply the very significant for geotechnical practice... Attempts have been made to study the effect porous stone was saturated from the bottom to the wood system! Wall what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil preventing it from tipping INWARD, vol NaCl concentration and vertical swelling associated.
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