II. Its people greeted him with cheers, joyfully agreeing to the annexation of their entire province to his kingdom. Cavour. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1859 started successfully. Mazzini and Garibaldi carried on their work in different ways. (4 points) aThe Catholic Church controlled all of Europe. However, the king halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. Acquiring the services of this political genius was one of the most important acts of the King's career. Indian National Congress: Moderates (1885-1905), Indias Council Act 1892: Demand v/s Provisions. His burial place is Pantheon, Rome. Mexico vocab. Victor Emmanuel (born 14 March 1820) took the throne of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia at age twenty-eight. "Victor Emmanuel II 4. dIt stopped leaders from selling indulgences.Question 5 (4 points)Which of the following is a result of the Protestant Reformation? He was the king of Prussia who became the kaiser of a united Germany. Naval Mutiny 1946: When Military Rebelled! After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France and Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris in 1856 at the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor. A shrewd judge of human nature, he chose able men to serve him. The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Nothing succeeds like success. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . So Italy became an independent nation. The rest of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. First, he would reform Sardinia's economy. Vittoria De Domenicis (18691935) who married doctor Alberto Benedetti (18701920), with issue. An excellent recent study of the period is . bIt gave people the right to own Bibles. The only two lands left to be conquered in order for unification to be complete were Venetia still under Austria's rule and Rome under the Pope and secured by France. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/victor-emmanuel-ii. . A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement. At last, Italy was a united nation. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. . (4 points) aIt changed its ideas on baptizing adults. He died in Rome in 1878, and was buried in the Pantheon. In these circumstances, the Crimean war of 1854 broke out. Complete solution: The King of Italy who completed the unification of Italy was King Victor Emmanuel II. Victor Emmanuel was born the eldest son of . The irony Italy is now a republic 15271 views The second victory of Emmanuel overcame the popes of France and liberated the southern area and completed the unification of Italy, and the Emperor of unified Italy was proclaimed. France indeed only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies. (February 22, 2023). Second, he would negotiate a secret deal with Napoleon III to aid in the war with Austria. He wanted to make Victor Emmanuel as the King of Italy. The marriage was arranged with the aim of strengthening relations between the Houses of Savoy and Habsburg, but some feared that the future king might be influenced by Austria. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/victor-emmanuel-ii. He had joined the Young Italy Movement after meeting Mazzini in 1833. Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy on March 17, 1861, although he had no power over Venetia or the significantly diminished Papal States. 1919 Rise of Fascism. What is simony? Get premium, high resolution news photos at Getty Images All this was done with the help of volunteers. Victor Emmanuel's ability to stand up to the Austrians and to undercut the democrats without using force or violating the constitution won him the epithet "the gentleman king." D. He was the fiery ruler of Sardinia who became king of united Italy and declared Rome its capital. Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) was king of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861 and then the first king of Italy until 1878. Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento. His constitutional authority and his interest in using it gave him political influence, especially as the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia gained prominence in the movement to unify Italy. 3. Encyclopedia.com. Brief notes on Role of Mazzini in Italian Unification and Stages of Italian Unification(1848-70). A readable and thorough account of Victor Emmanuel's role in the unification of Italy is contained in Bolton King, A History of Italian Unity (2 vols., 1899; new ed. Victor Emmanuel supported the Expedition of the Thousand (18601861) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. Ajout au bande de temps: He was born in 1820 and died in 1878. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). So, now we will discuss the unification of Italian states and the role of Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour in this. Soon there emerged an extraordinary young man who came to be known as the leader of the movement for freedom. Which statement about Victor Emmanuel II is correct? Then he involved them in a war with his enemies the Austrians. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . In March 1854 France and England intervened in support of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War. The growth of the Government's roles is also represented by the expansion of its regulatory powers through decree-laws, subject to ratification by the Houses of Parliament, and legislative decrees, adopted after a law delegated by Parliament. He wanted to make Victor Emmanuel as the King of Italy. The pope still held Rome and was under the protection of Louis-Napoleon. Cavour, the Prime Minister of Victor Emmanuel, King of Piedmont. But Napoleon had second thoughts and unexpectedly signed a separate peace with Austria at Villa-franca di Verona. https://www.facebook.com/glimpsesofhistory/, Follow Priyanshi Maam on instagram: Educated in the military tradition of the house of Savoy and in the devout atmosphere of the Piedmontese court, he retained throughout life the bluff manners of the soldier and a sincere if superficial religious faith, coupled with serious shortcomings in his private life. Two areas remained outside the new Italian nation: Rome and Venetia. Then he formed a committee of three- Triumvirs. It was always a controversial matter for reasons such as the ostentatious use of marble and excessive rhetoric. Garibaldi's "Thousand" conquer Sicily and Naples. Victor Emmanuel II was the blazing principle of Sardinia who moved toward becoming lord of bound together Italy and proclaimed Rome its capital. This turned out to be a wise choice, since Cavour was a political mastermind and a major player in the Italian unification in his own right. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871, after a temporary move to Florence in 1864. [4], In 1842 he married his paternal aunt's daughter Adelaide of Austria (18221855). The fame of Garibaldi Spread. He was the king of Prussia who became the kaiser of a united Germany. King Victor Emmanuel II - served as the first leader of Italy following unification. The role of Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. After the fall of Rome in 1870, the Papal capital became the seat of the new Kingdom. A Thomas Jefferson Venetia was added to the new kingdom in 1866 through an alliance with Prussia against Austria, but complete unification of the peninsula could not be achieved as long as Rome remained in the hands of the Pope. Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia; 11 November 1869 - 28 December 1947) was King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. During the July Revolution of 1830 in France, revolutionaries forced the king to abdicate and created the July Monarchy with encouragement from the new French king, Louis-Philippe. Encyclopedia.com. Cavours dynamism alarmed conservatives and even dAzeglio. In the first stage a primary role was played by Giuseppe Mazzini. Which theory do you agree with about the purpose of the ruins at Great Zimbabwe? New Catholic Encyclopedia. He fought in the war of 1848-49 against Austrian rule in Lombardy-Venetia and ascended the throne when his father, Charles Albert, abdicated after the defeat at Novara. The Austrians were defeated by the French and Piedmontese at Magenta and Solferino, and thus relinquished Lombardy. Question: 203. Aided by his famous Prime Minister, Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour (1810 - 1861), the king was able to maintain the right distance between the various Risorgimento proposals: in the end, the monarchist route to unification prevailed, linked to the Savoy dynasty, the King of Sardinia and . . He was a Prussian chancellor who played a major role in the unification of Germany. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. (a) strong devotion for one's own country and its history and culture. He accepted the creation of a northern Italian kingdom under Victor Emmanuel as part of an Italian confederation of states. Meanwhile, Mazzinis democratic and republican movement was crumbling. https://www.instagram.com/priyanshijajoo/, Phases of American Revolution and Philadelphia Convention, The industrialization of the United States of America, France under the Bourbon Dynasty in Seventeenth & Eighteenth Century, French Revolution: Political Deadlock to Estates General, France: Fall of Bastille to New Constitution, France: Pillnitz Declaration to Reign of Terror, Son of Revolution: Napoleon and His Italian Expedition, Napoleon: Egyptian Expedition and Reforms, Italian Unification: Role of Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour, Germany Unification: Bismarck and His Blood and Iron Policy, The Rise of Capitalism, Nationalism, Socialism, and Imperialism, Reasons and Background of the Russian Revolution, Russian Revolution: November Revolution of 1917, Italy: Rise of Fascism and Role of Mussolini, Cold War: North Vietnam v/s South Vietnam, European Imperialism: Chinese Revolution Preface, Contemporary Issue: West Asian Country Iran, Syrian Crisis: Worlds Most Severe Refugee Crisis, Vedic Period: Society, Polity, and Economy, Ancient Buddhist Literature and Significance, Jainism: A Religious Movement of 6th Century BCE, Great Kings and Administration of Mauryan Empire, Vesara and Hoysala Style of Temple Architecture, The Reign of Pala, Pratihara, and Rashtrakuta Rulers, The arrival of Arabs to Indian Subcontinent, Delhi Sultanate: Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 CE), Delhi Sultanate: Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320), Delhi Sultanate: Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412 CE), Sur Dynasty: Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545 CE), Mughal Empire: Reign of Akbar (1556-1605 CE), Aurangzeb and Decline of the Mughal Empire, Monghyr Convention and the Battle of Buxar, Robert Clive and Dual Government (1765-1772 CE), First Governor-General of Bengal: Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal: Cornwallis (1785-1793), First Governor-General of India: William Bentinck, Birth of Organized Nationalism v/s Lord Lytton. Victor Emmanuel II was the King of Piedmont and first ruler of the Kingdom of Italy. With her, he had eight children:[5]. "Victor Emmanuel II At the least, Victor Emmanuel did not obstruct unification, and according to most assessments, he assisted the process in key ways. What hardships did African slaves endure on the Middle Passage? Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions. World Encyclopedia. Three of the key figures in the unification of Italy were Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour, who although all having different aims, ultimately contributed to the unification of Italy. ." 22 Feb. 2023
. A. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. After several quarrels about the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors. dThe pope was the main religious authority.Question 4 (4 points)What was one change made by the Council of Trent? Because of the oppressive and exploitative policies of the kings in these states, people started forming secretive societies. Born in Turin as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria, he fought in the First Italian War of Independence (18481849) before being made King of Piedmont-Sardinia following his father's abdication. Mazzini was one of these Triumvirs. His stubborn insistence that amnesty be granted to all Lombards who had engaged in the revolt against their Austrian rulers was rewarded, and his refusal to yield on this pointalong with the sacrifices made in order to retain the constitutioncaused him to become a hero in the eyes of all Italians. In 1842 he married Adelaide, the daughter of Archduke Rainer of Austria. Mazzini made two proposals: In 1848, revolts were breaking out all over North Italy. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. In 1870, the Pontifical State was also occupied, and Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, thus realizing the idea of Risorgimento. In particular, he managed in volatile conditions to maintain contacts with the democratic movement while successfully presenting himself to moderates and frightened foreign governments as the only plausible guarantee against popular revolution. As a constitutional monarch he sought to provide leadership in the very difficult early period of Italian nationhood. Cite how their invention(s) helped and/or helps humanity 12 terms. around the world. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the . After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. . When the Austrian army was defeated and the northern states were conquered, the process of unification of Italy gained momentum. However, the date of retrieval is often important. 4. Answer: Italy's unification process was the work of Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and Victory Emmanuel II, the 3 primary leaders. In 1859 Napoleon III was persuaded to ally France with Sardinia, albeit at a high price. I promise you weariness, hardship, and battles. Photograph taken in 1866. All three major powers surrounded and attacked the Roman Republic. He held the Austrians and defeated the Neapolitan armies. He appointed Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as his Prime Minister, and he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left. He formulated international commercial treaties and drew on foreign capital to reduce the public debt, stimulate economic growth, and develop a railroad system. The rapid liberation of Sicily from the Spanish Bourbons alarmed European powers, and Victor Emmanuel publicly warned Garibaldi against crossing to the mainland, while privately urging him on. But this young Republic was attacked on all sides: by the Austrians, Neapolitans and the French. In November 1852 he made the momentous decision to turn the government over to the able, determined Count Cavour, whose skillful manoeuvres over the next few years made him king of Italy. Victor Emmanuel III was the King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. . In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy. Italian nationalists established Carbonari i.e. King of Sardinia in the Piedmont region of northern Italy-proclaimed king of italy. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Although not victorious in the Italian theater, he managed anyway to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany. The forces met at Teano (26 October), and Garibaldi ceded Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuel. In the lack of mass support and international support, Carbonari did not get the required popularity among the people. All these rulers ruled in an autocratic manner. The new Kingdom of Italy, which soon included Venice and Rome, was a parliamentary monarchy under Victor Emmanuel II. [2] He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms. A number of events promoted Piedmonts prestige in Italy and abroad. In his youth he took little interest in affairs of state, preferring to spend his time in the study of military strategy and tactics. However, sickened by the casualties of the war and worried about the mobilisation of Prussian troops, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont would only gain Lombardy. On Oct. 29, 1860, Garibaldi formally surrendered his conquests to Victor Emmanuel, and on Feb. 18, 1861, Parliament proclaimed him king of Italy. Napoleon established republican system in these political entities and started number of reforms in accordance with the ideals of the Revolution of 1789. . https://www.facebook.com/glimpsesofhistory/, https://www.instagram.com/priyanshijajoo/, Indian Independence Act 1947: Azaad Bharat! Venice remained under Austrian rule until Prussia's victory at the Battle of Sadowa in 1866. The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent that began the physical process of Italian unification. (c) a strong love for one's own country and hatred for others. How do you calculate the ideal gas law constant? Over the bitter objections of Cavour, who resigned over the matter, Victor Emmanuel signed the compromise Treaty of Zurich on Nov. 10, 1859. Encyclopedia of World Biography. This caused conflict with Pius IX. Victor Emmanuel agreed in turn to cede Nice and Savoy to France and to marry his daughter Clotilde to the emperor's cousin, Prince Napoleon (alliance signed 24 January 1859). The new Kingdom was a constitutional one. But the victorious powers divided these states in accordance to their will. On Sept. 20, 1870, the Italian army marched into the city, and on July 2, 1871, Victor Emmanuel himself entered Rome, from that time the capital of the kingdom of Italy. The democrats were divided and unable to carry on the revolutionary struggle; nothing was to be expected from the restored governments. Victor Emanuel accepted what the French negotiated, a much reduced outcome than the Savoy-France pact promised - the territory of Lombardy. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871. Directly connect with us: b. it led the unification of Italy in 1861 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until 1946 and . C. believed Garibaldi to have had a significant role in bringing about the unification of Italy. In 1866, the Third Italian War of Independence allowed Italy to annex Veneto. London, 1971. To obtain Austrian support, they were prepared to guarantee the status quo in Italy. VICTOR EMMANUEL II (18201878; ruled 18611878), first king of Italy. Match each leader with the role he played in uniting Italy. He was born on 14th March 1820 and died on 18 January 1878. CRISPI, FRANCESCO (18181901), Italian politician, a leader in the, Camillo Benso Cavour, conte di (kmll bns knt d kvr), 181061, Italian statesman, premier (185259, 186061) of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Nationalist movement in 19th-century Italy culminating in the unification of the country by 1870. Le lettere di Vittorio Emanuele II, raccolte da Francesco Cognasso. Was this answer helpful? Benito Mussolini ruled as dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. After the Revolution of 1848, when war broke out with Austria, Victor Emmanuel was given command of a division. Within 10 years both Venice and Rome joined the rest of Italy. "Victor Emmanuel II Lombardy, Tuscany, Parma and Papal States also united with Sardinia. Encyclopedia.com. Although Victor Emmanuel did not always agree with him, he recognized that Cavour's plan helped to strengthen the monarchy and to transform Piedmont-Sardinia into a modern state. He supported King Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the Italian states. Garibaldi was a soldier with a genius guerilla warfare. Upon the unification of Italy in 1860, he declared Turin the. dThe Catholic Church was removed from Europe.Question 6 (4 points)The Catholic Church during the Reformation was similar to which form of government? And he turned defeat into victory. Modern Italy 1882 Triple Alliance agreed between Italy, Germany and Austria. He occupied the Papal States, accepting with equanimity the excommunication imposed upon him by Pope Pius IX, and he met Garibaldi in Naples. In 1855, during the . A readable and thorough account of Victor Emmanuel's role in the unification of Italy is contained in Bolton King, A History of Italian Unity (2 vols., 1899; new ed. His political philosophy, which he called fascism, was based on the, Menelik II The Chief Minister of Italy, Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. The Italians gave him the epithet Father of the Fatherland (Italian: Padre della Patria). During his reign of nearly 46 years, which began after the assassination of his father Umberto I, the Kingdom of . See alsoCrimean War; Italy; Risorgimento (Italian Unification); Umberto I. Victor Emmanuel II. In the 2 nd half of the 19 th century, Victor Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Prince of Piedmont and Count of Nice opposed the Empire of Austria and gradually unified most of the Italian regions. France had supported Sardinia in the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in liberating Lombardy from Austrian rule. D. Only Rome, Veneto, and Trentino remained to be conquered. He succeeded his father, Charles Albert (r. 18311849), who abdicated after the Austrians defeated Piedmontese forces at the Battle of Novara in 1849. 1967). Napoleon III met with Cavour (July 2021) and agreed to support Piedmont's effort to expel Austria from northern Italy. . https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/victor-emmanuel-ii, NOETHER, E. P. "Victor Emmanuel II Cite the name He has served as the first King of united Italy until death. Italian troops are able to invade Rome and completed Italy's unification under KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II. Pachacutis son, Topa Inca, expanded the Inca Empire as far north as present-day Ecuador. f. cognasso, Vittorio Emanuele II (Turin 1946). Victor Emmanuel died 9 January 1878 and was buried in the Pantheon in Rome. Two years later Cavour was named prime minister. As a result, while the wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament. "Victor Emmanuel II This time moderates took charge (9 December 1849), and they endorsed the peace treaty with Austria on 5 January 1850. But the freedom would have been long in coming. World Encyclopedia. Mazzini was a thinker and an idealist. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. It was a phase of history when the Italian people founded the national movement for liberty, independence, and unification of split Italy (from the end of the XVIII century to the beginning of the 70s of the XIX century). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/victor-emmanuel-ii-0, "Victor Emmanuel II But in this new Italy, women are not allowed to vote. . mother of: 4) Virginia Rho at Turin, mother of two children: 5) Rosalinda Incoronata De Domenicis (18461916), mother of one daughter: Victor Emmanuel Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas, Victor Emmanuel and his successors retained the title "King of Sardinia" after the, Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 20:14, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Independence Wars, Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy, Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign, Governor-General and Viceroy of Italian East Africa - Viceroy of Italian East Africa, Genealogie delle famiglie nobili italiane, "Chevaliers de la Toisn d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece", "Nichan ad-Dam, ou ordre du Sang, institu - Lot 198", External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy, View of Venezia Square Victor Emmanuel II monument, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Emmanuel_II&oldid=1142152772, Arms of Victor Emmanuel II as knight of the, Coat of arms as King of Sardinia (18491861), Greater coat of arms as King of Italy (18611878). Victor Emmanuel II King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. When he was dying, Pius IX released him from all canonical censures, permitted him to receive the Last Rites, and imparted to him his blessing. Under pressure from Napoleon III and over strong protests from Cavour, Victor Emmanuel accepted the truce of Villafranca (8 July 1859) and received control over Lombardy, causing Cavour to resign. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed king of a united Italy with Rome as its capital. Updates? The War ended in a victory to Prussia, which asked Austria to give up her control over Venetia. What does Swahili mean? On April 12, 1842, 22-year-old Victor Emmanuel II of Italy married his 19-year-old first cousin Adelaide of Austria. , Use the terms standardize and censor to describe how Shi Huangdi united his empire.. He worked to free Italy from foreign control and became a central figure of the movement for Italian unification. France did not as a result receive the promised Nice and Savoy, but Austria did keep Venetia, a major setback for the Piedmontese, in no small part because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. In 1865 the laws for the administrative unification of the Kingdom were enacted, which shelved . But even in the hour of defeat fortune smiled upon him. The new king was immediately confronted with a most difficult and important decision. His association with cavour began in 1852. For many years he worked for this cause. . Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; full name: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia; 14 March 1820 - 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. 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In bringing about the unification of Germany made two proposals: in 1848, War! Required popularity among the people would negotiate a secret deal with Napoleon III was the king subsequently with..., Tuscany, Parma and Papal states also united with Sardinia king had to find other advisors battles... Marble and excessive rhetoric the people early period of Italian nationhood III met Garibaldi. Far North as present-day Ecuador Prime Minister, and Garibaldi ceded Sicily and Naples years, began! Ii of Italy accepted the creation of a division from him the epithet Father of the (! Sardinia in the Pantheon, Carbonari did not get the required popularity among people!
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