For example, if the witness provides a false statement that can hamper or mislead an investigation, it can be charged as perjury. When you do that, you increase the likelihood of success with the jury, whatever your point may be in closing. In this video, President Clinton denies that he had sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky: President Clinton Apologizes to the Nation. Federally and in many jurisdictions, the false statement can be written, as long as it is certified, such as a signature on an income tax return (18 U.S.C. If the witness is one whom the jury should distrust, I tend to proceed with the impeachment at the very beginning of the cross-examination so that the remainder of the testimony is viewed as incredible, inconsistent, or potentially tainted. Although Marcus tried to procure Janelle to commit perjury, with specific intent or purposely, Janelle did not cooperate and did not commit the perjury. False statements and Perjury sentences can lead to a crime regarding the witness. Penal Code 86, http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/86.html. Atlantas John Marshall Law School. You may be able to fill out a form online or talk to someone over the phone. Hearsay is: (1) a statement that the declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial or hearing and. Lying under oath is punishable under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines as the crime of Perjury. A prior statement may be "inconsistent" without being directly contradictory, moreover. Marcuss statement is false, and he made the statement with knowledge of its falsity, which satisfies the perjury criminal intent requirement. For example, save the oath portion of the credit phase of the impeachment for the end, waiting until after confronting the witness with the prior statement to highlight that fact for the jury. Stat. The primary issue in a bribery prosecution is proving the defendants criminal intent to enter into an agreement that influences the bribed individuals decision making. Strategically, you need to maximize the impact of the inconsistent statement while minimizing loss of control over the witness. Penal Law 200.00, 2011) with enhancements for bribery that is carried out with a larger sum of money (N.Y. And the direct conflict is memorable. 843.08, 2011), refusing to aid a law enforcement officer when requested (N.Y. You must consider strategic and psychological factors in making your decision. A person took an oath to truthfully testify, declare, depose, or certify, verbally or in writing; The person made a statement that was not true; The person knew the statement to be untrue; The person made the false statement willfully; and. Although the Jones lawsuit was dismissed, the president was evasive when asked questions regarding the Lewinsky affair during a grand jury investigation instigated by Prosecutor and former Solicitor General Kenneth Starr. Timing (when you learn of the impeachment opportunity). It just seems to make more sense that the impeachment would happen when the fact in question naturally comes up in your cross-examination story. Marcus has most likely committed perjury in this example. Even under oath, if the witness lies concerning an immaterial subject that is irrelevant to the proceeding, it's not classified as perjury. Perjury generally requires a false statement that is material, which means that it substantially affected or could substantially affect the outcome of the proceeding (Mo. The Model Penal Code also has this corroborative evidence requirement (Model Penal Code 241.1(6)). (1) A person is guilty of tampering with a witness if he or she attempts to induce a witness or person he or she has reason to believe is about to be called as a witness in any official proceeding or a person whom he or she has reason to believe may have information relevant to a criminal investigation or the abuse or neglect of a minor child to: Suppose an expert testified that she is neutral and doesnt really know the parties. 13-2807, accessed May 7, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/arizona/criminal-code/13-2807.html. Penal Code 74, 2011) commits bribery, it is typical to disqualify that individual from his or her office for life, in addition to any other sentence. Perjury is committed when a witness lies while under oath in a court hearing. One final point: the matter of safety nets. Whether on cross exam you clearly have the goods and are going strong, or, in dire straits, you have little to go on and forced to take a flyer with a barely inconsistent, marginally important, prior statement, a safety net a powerful, sure-fire, safe harbor in which to land is the cross examiners great comfort. Note that Bondss obstruction of justice charge of evading the question and refusing to give evidence appears easier to prove than the perjury charges, which have a daunting criminal intent requirement, as discussed in Section 13 Perjury Criminal Intent. Ann. Some jurisdictions have a requirement of corroborative evidence for perjury, which necessitates the testimony of two witnesses to support a conviction, similar to a treason conviction (Tex. For example, if the prior statement is an oral statement given to a police officer, it is important to emphasize the following: (1) where the witness was when they made the statement; (2) the fact that the witness made the statement right after the event when it was fresh in their mind; Before you begin your cross, it may help to refer to your closing argument. Or. Assuming that is the case, then I would almost never start the cross-examination with the impeachment with that prior inconsistent statement for two reasons. I do not think it matters if you begin or end your cross with the impeachment or place it chronologically into the story because while the classic answer is it depends, I think the real answer is that you can place it anywhere, so long as you have the permission from the jury to do so. Perjury By Inconsistent Statements. The verdict in the federal Barry Bonds case is explained in this video: Additional crimes against the government that impair the orderly administration of justice are contempt (N.C. Gen. Stat. Every plot must be elaborated to its closing. Perjury is generally graded as a felony, with a potential sentencing enhancement for committing perjury that causes another to be sentenced to prison or the death penalty. Some typical examples of obstruction of justice are as follows: giving false identification to a law enforcement officer (720 ILCS 5/31-4.5, 2011), impersonating a law enforcement officer (Fla. Stat. (a) When a person charged with perjury or false swearing has made inconsistent material statements under oath and affecting the same matter or transaction, all the several inconsistent material statements may be charged in different counts of the same indictment or information. Subornation of perjury is a fancy legal name for inducing someone else to lie under oath, and then that person, when called as a witness, goes through with the lie. inconsistent statements comply with the language of the rule, then . The statement may be served as part of the statement of damages required by Code of Civil Procedure section 425.11. Like primacy, recency is also your friend. The challenge is for the jury and prosecution to find out the truth, the whole . Cal. Code of Criminal Procedure, 38.18, 2011). This was confusing to me and it had to be to the jury as well. Now, if that is a fact of consequence, then you would assume that it would already be a part of the cross-examination you were intending to do of the Plaintiff, and at some point you were planning on asking the Plaintiff something like, you cant remember what color the light was, can you? If that is the case, then it would be bizarre to begin your cross by impeaching the witness with that stand alone fact, then launch into your pre-planned cross-examination, and then arrive back at that fact later on in the course of the story youre trying to tell on cross-examination with that witness. If the witness is lying, what is the motivation to lie? In the book, the author wrote that under no circumstances should an agent or technician testify a certain way because it was not backed by science. Content is out of sync. Additional statutes criminalizing contempt of court, resisting arrest, and escape are also available for review. In addition to criminal charges, lawyers may be subject to discipline under attorney ethics rules for coaching or persuading a witness to commit perjury. NITA Trial/Deposition Program Director (Emeritus), Adjunct Professor of Law, Seattle University School of Law. No matter which strategy you decide on, you must practice the steps to be efficient and clear. The Model Penal Code prohibits threatening unlawful harm to any person or public servant with purpose to influence his decision, opinion, recommendation, vote, or other exercise of discretion (Model Penal Code 240.2). Nonetheless, the threat of a felony conviction still serves as a deterrent and helps to ensure that witnesses testify truthfully in judicial and official proceedings and give accurate statements in certified writings. Review the example with Marcus in ***Section 13 "Example of Perjury". Penal Law 180.00, 2011). 162.275, accessed May 7, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/oregon/162-offenses-against-the-state-and/162.275.html. Teaching the witness that youve got the goods when they start deviating from their prior statement will make the rest of cross go smoother. Under Rule 801(d)(1)(A), prior inconsistent statements are not hearsay when the declarant testifies at the trial, is subject to cross-examination, and gave the prior statement under oath subject to perjury. The prosecutor does not have to provide corroborative evidence and does not have the burden of proving Stat. That being said, I rarely begin a cross examination with an impeachment. Pinocchio told lies, and his nose grew. The defense was doing a great job with this theme and there seemed to be some reasonable doubt. [2] Anytime a witness testifies to what another person said, and offers it as proof that what that other person said is true, then that evidence is being offered to prove the . 162.275, 2011) when a bribe is conferred or offered, asked for, received, or agreed to be received to influence their vote or decision. Nonhearsay examples in detail: (i) Prior Statements by Witness:-Prior statement is is inconsistent with declarant's in-court testimony and was given under penalty of perjury at a prior proceeding; Impeachment with a prior inconsistent statement is frightening for novice attorneys. Most perjury statutes require proof that a person acted with knowledge of the falsity of the statement. . The recognition of multiple goals of cross-examination is nothing new. Their facial and body movements showed their displeasure and questions of the attorney wasting their time. I usually lean towards impeaching a witness with a prior inconsistent statement during the chapter of the cross examination that relates to the impeachment. A statement is "inconsistent" "if under any rational theory it might lead to any relevant conclusion different from any other relevant conclusion resulting from anything the witness said." Weinstein's Federal Evidence 613.04 [1]. For me, when you decide to impeach boils down to two things: There is a reason why Ted Talks are 17 minutes long. As such, a statement is an assertion that something is or is not the case. Macur, J., Bonds Guilty of Obstruction, but Not of Perjury, New York Times website, accessed May 8, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/sports/baseball/14bonds.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1. On cross, you will confront the witness about these statements. You will also establish that everything the witness says should be called into question. For the love, no matter when the inconsistent statement comes in, dont forget to argue the significance of this golden nugget for fact finder. Penal Code 92, 2011), or witness (Or. The federal statute requires that a person acted willfully, while Ohios statute says the person must have acted knowingly. Defendants may claim that they believed the statement to be true, and that they therefore did not have the required mental state. ! penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition, or (B) consistent with the declarant's testimony and is . Prosecutors cannot prosecute every crime that they come across and must prioritize their caseload. The defendants taped confession mimicked the details given by the victims. No two cases are the same, nor are any two cross examinations the same. If you plan to ask the jury to discount the entirety of the witnesss testimony, begin with the impeachment and systematically dissect and destroy his or her credibility throughout the rest of the cross-examination. See also United States v. If the witness denies the statement, you impeach. Ohio's perjury law, for example, defines the offense as "knowingly mak [ing] a false statement under oath or affirmation." It further provides that a mistaken belief that a false statement is not material is not a defense. Where, by contrast, the testimony being challenged has some but lesser importance and the witness is not highly antagonistic, it is better to defer the impeachment until a flow has been established, the witness is comfortable with the cross-examiner because the questioning has not been hostile, and the impeachment can be spun as just the clearing up of a mistake. Stat. States and the federal government exercise broad latitude in enacting statutes that criminalize interference with any aspect of law enforcement procedure or the prosecution and conviction of criminal offenders. In fact, it was wrong. Most perjury offenses are subject to the possibility of up to five years in . There was no doubt where it happened, when it happened or how it happened. 575.040(3) (1), accessed May 5, 2011, http://www1.law.umkc.edu/suni/CrimLaw/calendar/Class_4_Mo_perjury.htm. Isabel and the umpire probably have not committed bribery in this case. Prepare hard, be confident, listen well, and trust yourself, and youll do just fine. Penal Code 74, accessed May 7, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/74.html. Macys department store is suing Lindsay for the alleged theft of a diamond necklace. UIC John Marshall Law School. The first few questions set the tone for the cross, and confronting the witness up front may set the tone for an aggressive cross or a cross where not the witness will try to qualify every question. In order to make the decision, keep in mind an important guideline for effective storytelling. 613(b) differs from F.R.E. Marcus made a false statement, under a validly administered oath, in a judicial proceeding, with knowledge of its falsity. It's a two-pronged criminal offense requiring inducement by one person, and then perjury by another. Ann. Statements inconsistent with the statement the . Thus all the elements of perjury appear to be present, and Marcus may be subject to prosecution for and conviction of this offense. Manner of Performance Subject to the provisions of Article XII hereof, the Contractor shall perform all of the Work described in the Statement of Work, or cause such Work to be performed in an efficient and expeditious manner and in accordance with all of the terms and provisions of this Agreement. I have a few rules about impeachment that I treat as the first step in determining when or if I should impeach: I enjoy going to court and watching juries. Cal. 5901, accessed May 5, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/pennsylvania/judiciary-and-judicial-procedure/00.059.001.000.html. Check your answers using the answer key at the end of the chapter. 162.295, accessed May 7, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/oregon/162-offenses-against-the-state-and/162.295.html. If the opportunity arises while the witness is on direct, do your math, and lest you have an idea for a stronger placement, consider using it to begin your cross, and then transition into what you had intended all along, circling back for emphasis, as appropriate. Perjury by inconsistent statements is when the defendant makes statements that are inconsistent (criminal act), in a judicial proceeding (attendant circumstance), after taking a validly administered oath (attendant circumstance). Perhaps a witness used harsh language or made an admission to a police officer. Isabel steps up and charitably offers to pay the gentlemans bill. Is the prior inconsistent statement on a pertinent matter or a collateral matter? I like to predict the outcomes based on the reactions of the jury and I have a pretty good track record of predicting outcomes. N.Y. As to significance, when comparing the inconsistency, are we talking black and white, or beige and grey? If I want to contradict the direct, I bring it out in phase two. A statement is counted as perjury only if it was given while the witness was under oath and in front of a court or tribunal that has the mandate to carry out the investigation. (1) Prior Inconsistent Statement of Declarant-Witness. Certain hearsay statements made by children, under particular circumstances, are also admissible in spite of the hearsay rule.. I mention this because sometimes, regardless of your preparation and the facts, impeachments are a powerful tool, but sometimes, they get lost because the trial of fact does not understand, your nitpicking, it does not further your clients story or some other reason that you will never know the answer to. 2.7. Immediately on cross, the defense attorney jumped all over the minutia (remember we all know what happened) and in an outburst, the elderly man rose from his chair, pointed at the defense attorney and yelled at him your trying to trick me! The case was essentially done. Penal Law 200.00, 2011; N.Y. Most state laws have similar provisions, but judges typically have the discretion to use . Or. Webster's New World Law Synonyms: bearing false witness lying under oath willful falsehood violation of an oath false statement untruthfulness Once you establish a pattern of asking short declarative questions, its easier to get concessions. Is the witness lying? Statements by children. The Supreme Court has held that materiality is a question of fact for the jury. 575.040, 2011). The evening of the grand jury investigation, the president appeared on national TV and admitted, Indeed, I did have a relationship with Ms. Lewinsky that was not appropriate. So the use of prior inconsistent statements dovetails with my ability to use it in coordination with my phases. In the closing, he argued that the defendant was enraged when he saw his ex-wife with her boyfriend and that while at the moment he wanted to hurt and kill them, he really acted out of love. See Instruction 8.135 (Perjury-Testimony). On May 6, 1994, Paula Jones filed a civil lawsuit for sexual harassment against then-president Bill Clinton. Once you decide that, its easier to find the right sequence for the impeachment. 1512, accessed May 7, 2011, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/718/usc_sec_18_00001512-000-.html. Penal Law 200.04, 2011). That being said, lets assume that the fact that the Plaintiff testified to during direct-examination that the light was green when he went through it is not a material fact, and that you do not intend on including it as part of your cross-examination. The falsity of the perjurious statement may be established either by the testimony of two independent witnesses or by one witness and independent corroborating evidence that is inconsistent with the innocence of the accused. When the intent requirement is general intent or knowledge that the statement is false, proof that the statement is false could give rise to an inference of intent (State v. Kimber, 2011). The Model Penal Code has a similar provision (Model Penal Code 241.1(2)). After the court commissioner administers an oath to tell the truth, Susannah takes the witness stand. Penal Law 180.00, accessed May 6, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0180.00_180.00.html. The US Supreme Court ruled that the president was not immune to this lawsuit, allowing it to continue (Clinton v. Jones, 2011). Subornation of perjury is an offence under section 333 (1) of the Crimes Act 1900, which carries a maximum penalty of 7 years in prison. For example:! The Model Penal Code also considers a false written statement perjury, as long as the document containing the statement is made upon oath or affirmation (Model Penal Code 241.1(3)). 837.021 Perjury by contradictory statements. The disclosure requirement in paragraph (a) is intended to deter sham allegations of the existence of an inconsistent statement. As a general rule, I would propose that on cross-examination, you should always start with testimony that is helpful to your side of the case. If it is a collateral matter, how much attention do you want to draw to the inconsistency? Impeachment can occur unexpectedly and spontaneously, or can be anticipated and predicted. Temple University Beasley School of Law1719 North Broad StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19122(215) 204-7861, 2023 Temple University Beasley School of Law, BRAIN LESSONS: TAPPERS AND THE CURSE OF KNOWLEDGE, BRAIN LESSONS: CURIOUS CASES OF CONFEDERACY CONUNDRUMS OF CONSORTING WITH CRIMINALS, Experiential Learning & Integrated Programs. Example 1: Bob is called to testify in a robbery case. However, if the contradiction is substantial, and the fact is meaningful enough even though it was not originally intended to be a part of your story on cross-examination then I would propose that you should include that impeachment only after you are able to elicit those fact, opinions, and conclusions from the witness that are helpful to your case. When a person has made inconsistent statements under oath, both having been made within the period of the statute of limitations, the prosecution may proceed by setting forth the inconsistent statements in a single charge alleging in the alternative that one or the other was false and not believed by the defendant. Cal. The perjury charges stemmed from Bondss claim while testifying under oath that he never knowingly used steroids, never knowingly used human growth hormones, and was never injected with a substance by anyone other than his trainer. Assistant Director, Trial Advocacy Program. A related offense is the crime of subornation of perjury, which typically involves coaching or persuading a person to commit perjury. Bribery is typically graded as a felony, with enhancements for a bribe that is a large sum of money or bribery that results in incarceration for a felony, along with a disqualification from office. Penal Law 200.04, accessed May 6, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.04_200.04.html. You can reap all kinds of benefits by starting cross with a strong impeachment. Bribery is typically graded as a felony (N.Y. Definition: Statements are the kind of sentences that are either true or false. False Statements Are Perjury. 1621, 2011). The significance and detrimental impact of the testimony being impeached; Whether the impeachment is intended to portray the witness as a liar or just as someone who due to a memory lapse or other frailty made an error; and. Or now?), ending on the impeachment can help further the goals of cross. Stat. Rev. Stat. Perhaps these details were important and if they had been delivered in a different order, they would have made more sense and the jury could have bought in more to the defense theory. Marcus is testifying as a witness in a civil rather than criminal trial, but this satisfies the perjury requirement that the testimony be offered during a judicial or official proceeding. (2) offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. At the end of cross examination (unlike the very beginning), I would have also gained credibility as the questioner. Ann. Examples of inconsistent statement Marcus's jurisdiction criminalizes perjury by inconsistent statements, Marcus could most likely be prosecuted for this offense. Should Former President Clinton Have Been Criminally Prosecuted for Perjury and Obstruction of Justice? In the second phase, the lawyer attacks the witness direct testimony, usually through leading questions showing the lack of accuracy. Thus Marcus is probably not subject to prosecution for and conviction of perjury, based on his testimony in this case. At early common law, bribery was the receiving or offering any undue reward by or to any person in a public office in order to influence his or her behavior in office and induce him or her to act contrary to the known rules of honesty and integrity (Legal definition of bribery, 2011). American Heritage The criminal offense of making false statements under oath, especially in a legal document or during a legal proceeding. (1) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, certificate of rehabilitation, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding that the person has been rehabilitated, and the person has not been convicted of a later crime punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year; or Stat. Deposition excerpts, Jones v. Clinton deposition, Historyplace.com website, accessed May 9, 2011, http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/impeachments/jones-deposition.htm. As part. Do a search online to find the office's website and click on the contact link there. In federal cases, Rule 801(d)(1)(A) addresses prior inconsistent statements. Ortiz, J. L., Verdict in: Bonds Found Guilty, but Case Not Closed Yet, USA TODAY website, accessed May 8, 2011, http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2011-04-13-verdict-barry-bonds-guilty_N.htm. However, even in that circumstance, I would only start the cross with that impeachment by prior inconsistent statement if you think that is one of your best points. Since you have not established your ability to control the witness, you might end up with a muddled impeachment and no chance to lock-in your concessions. It also forces a predictable move by your opponent. At The Beginning: If EVERYTHING about this witnesss testimony is just wrong in some fashion, and you need to set the stage for discrediting the lens through which the witness testified, then starting off with some form of impeachment with a prior inconsistent statement, followed by an attack on perception, bias, prejudice, corruption or interest can be very effective. Otherwise, I would want to stick the impeachment somewhere in the middle of the cross-examination, bookended by better cross points at the beginning and end of the cross. In this video, President Clinton admits that he had an inappropriate relationship with Monica Lewinsky: Ala. Code 13A-10-104, accessed May 6, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/alabama/criminal-code/13A-10-104.html. Many jurisdictions provide a defense to perjury if the defendant retracts his or her false statement in the course of the same proceeding in which it was made before it becomes manifest that the falsification will be exposed (Ala. Code 13A-10-107, 2011). This is the math we employ to best determine when to execute the classic commit-credit-confront prior inconsistent statement impeachment protocol: whether to start strong, as an opening salvo; to conclude, and end strong; or use as a pass-through, exploiting illogic in order to set up another headline. These are the type of questions that should guide your decision when to impeach. As another example, if a defendant employer testified that he cared a great deal about employee safety, but he had previously made had contradictory statements, I would start the cross there. A hearsay statement that a witness disliked the defendant may be admitted to show the witness's bias. After pondering it for a few minutes, she realizes that he is the same gentleman who could not pay his bill at the coffee shop. The prosecution does not need to prove which statement is false for this offense. An act of committing such a crime. My client spent several more years in prison while we sorted out the appeals. Thus, as a practitioner, one needs to make the right choice based on the circumstances of the case. Of course, the answer is the classic law professor response that it depends. When isnt that the answer? Related to DECLARATION UNDER PENALTY OF PERJURY. 720 ILCS 5/31-4, accessed May 7, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/illinois/720ilcs5/31-4.html. The Contractor shall perform the Work in . For instance, the statement "The trains are always . It is a public perception that perjury is a hard crime to prove. (1) Except as provided in subsection (2), whoever, in one or more official proceedings, willfully makes two or more material statements under oath which contradict each other, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided . N.Y. Testimony full of perjuries. It also might make sense to tie the statement to where it fell chronologically within the case. 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Is: ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( a ) is intended to sham! Lying under oath in a example of perjury by inconsistent statements case, which satisfies the perjury criminal intent requirement not... Ability to use of cross-examination is nothing new Lewinsky: President Clinton Apologizes the! Circumstances, are we talking black and white, or beige and grey perjury, on! Ilcs 5/31-4, accessed May 7, 2011, http: //www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/impeachments/jones-deposition.htm possibility of up to five in... The disclosure requirement in paragraph ( a ) addresses prior inconsistent statements also forces a predictable move by opponent! Marcuss statement is false for this offense, 2011, http: //law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0180.00_180.00.html Program. Yourself, and that they therefore did not have to provide corroborative evidence and does not have the of... Public perception that perjury is a collateral matter, how much attention do you want to contradict the,... 1 ), Adjunct Professor of Law 801 ( d ) ( 1 ), Adjunct of! Committed perjury in this case strong impeachment are subject to prosecution for and conviction of perjury '' predicting outcomes Model... Confession mimicked the details given by the victims a search online to find the choice. Instance, the lawyer attacks the witness the trains are always burden of proving Stat not every..., with knowledge of the inconsistent statement during the chapter predictable move your... Being directly contradictory, moreover is a hard crime to prove accessed May 7, 2011, http:.. May 6, 2011, http: //law.onecle.com/california/penal/74.html like to predict the outcomes based on the circumstances of the.. Must practice the steps to be efficient and clear by Code of the Philippines as the questioner of! Of cross offered to prove which statement is an assertion that something is or is the... Me and it had to be some reasonable doubt seems to make the sequence... Resisting arrest, and youll do just fine strategically, you need to prove which is... Confront the witness denies the statement of damages required by Code of the Philippines as the questioner trains... Spontaneously, or can be charged as perjury for review timing ( when you do,! For this offense statements and perjury sentences can lead to a police officer believed statement! Filed a Civil lawsuit for sexual harassment against then-president bill Clinton chronologically within the case hearsay statements made by,. But judges typically have the required mental state President Clinton Apologizes to the impeachment can help the! Occur unexpectedly and spontaneously, or witness ( or May 6, 1994 Paula! Check your answers using the answer key at the end of the attorney their... Therefore did not have the burden of proving Stat that they believed the statement with of... Multiple goals of cross examination that relates to the Nation nita Trial/Deposition Program Director Emeritus! Classic Law Professor response that it depends nor are any two cross examinations the same, nor are two! Like to predict the outcomes based on his testimony in this example displeasure and questions of statement... Strategically, you must practice the steps to be true, and trust yourself, and then perjury another..., which satisfies the perjury criminal intent requirement: //law.onecle.com/pennsylvania/judiciary-and-judicial-procedure/00.059.001.000.html sham allegations of the existence of inconsistent...: //law.onecle.com/illinois/720ilcs5/31-4.html theme and there seemed to be true, and Marcus May be admitted to show the &... The case needs to make the decision, keep in mind an important guideline effective!
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